SQLite

    if( i>=nConstraint ){
      pNew->nLTerm = mxTerm+1;
      assert( pNew->nLTerm<=pNew->nLSlot );
      pNew->u.vtab.idxNum = pIdxInfo->idxNum;
      pNew->u.vtab.needFree = pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr;
      pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
      pNew->u.vtab.idxStr = pIdxInfo->idxStr;
      pNew->u.vtab.isOrdered = (u8)((pIdxInfo->nOrderBy!=0)
                                     && pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed);
      pNew->u.vtab.isOrdered = (i8)(pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed ?
                                      pIdxInfo->nOrderBy : 0);
      pNew->rSetup = 0;
      pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstFromDouble(pIdxInfo->estimatedCost);
      pNew->nOut = sqlite3LogEst(pIdxInfo->estimatedRows);
      whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
      if( pNew->u.vtab.needFree ){
        sqlite3_free(pNew->u.vtab.idxStr);
        pNew->u.vtab.needFree = 0;

  whereLoopClear(db, pNew);
  return rc;
}

/*
** Examine a WherePath (with the addition of the extra WhereLoop of the 5th
** parameters) to see if it outputs rows in the requested ORDER BY
** (or GROUP BY) without requiring a separate sort operation.  Return:
** (or GROUP BY) without requiring a separate sort operation.  Return N:
** 
**    0:  ORDER BY is not satisfied.  Sorting required
**    1:  ORDER BY is satisfied.      Omit sorting
**   -1:  Unknown at this time
**   N>0:   N terms of the ORDER BY clause are satisfied
**   N==0:  No terms of the ORDER BY clause are satisfied
**   N<0:   Unknown yet how many terms of ORDER BY might be satisfied.   
**
** Note that processing for WHERE_GROUPBY and WHERE_DISTINCTBY is not as
** strict.  With GROUP BY and DISTINCT the only requirement is that
** equivalent rows appear immediately adjacent to one another.  GROUP BY
** and DISTINT do not require rows to appear in any particular order as long
** as equivelent rows are grouped together.  Thus for GROUP BY and DISTINCT
** the pOrderBy terms can be matched in any order.  With ORDER BY, the 
** pOrderBy terms must be matched in strict left-to-right order.
*/
static int wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(
static i8 wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(
  WhereInfo *pWInfo,    /* The WHERE clause */
  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* ORDER BY or GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause to check */
  WherePath *pPath,     /* The WherePath to check */
  u16 wctrlFlags,       /* Might contain WHERE_GROUPBY or WHERE_DISTINCTBY */
  u16 nLoop,            /* Number of entries in pPath->aLoop[] */
  WhereLoop *pLast,     /* Add this WhereLoop to the end of pPath->aLoop[] */
  Bitmask *pRevMask     /* OUT: Mask of WhereLoops to run in reverse order */

        if( mTerm==0 && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(p) ) continue;
        if( (mTerm&~orderDistinctMask)==0 ){
          obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
        }
      }
    }
  } /* End the loop over all WhereLoops from outer-most down to inner-most */
  if( obSat==obDone ) return 1;
  if( obSat==obDone ) return nOrderBy;
  if( !isOrderDistinct ) return 0;
  return -1;
}

#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
/* For debugging use only: */
static const char *wherePathName(WherePath *pPath, int nLoop, WhereLoop *pLast){

  aFrom[0].nRow = MIN(pParse->nQueryLoop, 46);  assert( 46==sqlite3LogEst(25) );
  nFrom = 1;

  /* Precompute the cost of sorting the final result set, if the caller
  ** to sqlite3WhereBegin() was concerned about sorting */
  rSortCost = 0;
  if( pWInfo->pOrderBy==0 || nRowEst==0 ){
    aFrom[0].isOrderedValid = 1;
    aFrom[0].isOrdered = 0;
  }else{
    /* TUNING: Estimated cost of sorting is 48*N*log2(N) where N is the
    ** number of output rows. The 48 is the expected size of a row to sort. 
    ** FIXME:  compute a better estimate of the 48 multiplier based on the
    ** result set expressions. */
    aFrom[0].isOrdered = -1;
    rSortCost = nRowEst + estLog(nRowEst);
    WHERETRACE(0x002,("---- sort cost=%-3d\n", rSortCost));
  }

  /* Compute successively longer WherePaths using the previous generation
  ** of WherePaths as the basis for the next.  Keep track of the mxChoice
  ** best paths at each generation */
  for(iLoop=0; iLoop<nLoop; iLoop++){
    nTo = 0;
    for(ii=0, pFrom=aFrom; ii<nFrom; ii++, pFrom++){
      for(pWLoop=pWInfo->pLoops; pWLoop; pWLoop=pWLoop->pNextLoop){
        Bitmask maskNew;
        Bitmask revMask = 0;
        u8 isOrderedValid = pFrom->isOrderedValid;
        u8 isOrdered = pFrom->isOrdered;
        i8 isOrdered = pFrom->isOrdered;
        if( (pWLoop->prereq & ~pFrom->maskLoop)!=0 ) continue;
        if( (pWLoop->maskSelf & pFrom->maskLoop)!=0 ) continue;
        /* At this point, pWLoop is a candidate to be the next loop. 
        ** Compute its cost */
        rCost = sqlite3LogEstAdd(pWLoop->rSetup,pWLoop->rRun + pFrom->nRow);
        rCost = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rCost, pFrom->rCost);
        nOut = pFrom->nRow + pWLoop->nOut;
        maskNew = pFrom->maskLoop | pWLoop->maskSelf;
        if( !isOrderedValid ){
          switch( wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo,
        if( isOrdered<0 ){
          isOrdered = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo,
                       pWInfo->pOrderBy, pFrom, pWInfo->wctrlFlags,
                       iLoop, pWLoop, &revMask) ){
                       iLoop, pWLoop, &revMask);
            case 1:  /* Yes.  pFrom+pWLoop does satisfy the ORDER BY clause */
              isOrdered = 1;
          if( isOrdered==0 ){
              isOrderedValid = 1;
              break;
            case 0:  /* No.  pFrom+pWLoop will require a separate sort */
              isOrdered = 0;
              isOrderedValid = 1;
              rCost = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rCost, rSortCost);
            rCost = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rCost, rSortCost);
              break;
            default: /* Cannot tell yet.  Try again on the next iteration */
              break;
          }
        }else{
          revMask = pFrom->revLoop;
        }
        /* Check to see if pWLoop should be added to the mxChoice best so far */
        for(jj=0, pTo=aTo; jj<nTo; jj++, pTo++){
          if( pTo->maskLoop==maskNew
           && pTo->isOrderedValid==isOrderedValid
           && ((pTo->isOrdered^isOrdered)&80)==0
           && ((pTo->rCost<=rCost && pTo->nRow<=nOut) ||
                (pTo->rCost>=rCost && pTo->nRow>=nOut))
          ){
            testcase( jj==nTo-1 );
            break;
          }
        }
        if( jj>=nTo ){
          if( nTo>=mxChoice && rCost>=mxCost ){
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
            if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
              sqlite3DebugPrintf("Skip   %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c\n",
                  wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
                  isOrderedValid ? (isOrdered ? 'Y' : 'N') : '?');
                  isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
            }
#endif
            continue;
          }
          /* Add a new Path to the aTo[] set */
          if( nTo<mxChoice ){
            /* Increase the size of the aTo set by one */
            jj = nTo++;
          }else{
            /* New path replaces the prior worst to keep count below mxChoice */
            jj = mxI;
          }
          pTo = &aTo[jj];
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
          if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
            sqlite3DebugPrintf("New    %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c\n",
                wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
                isOrderedValid ? (isOrdered ? 'Y' : 'N') : '?');
                isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
          }
#endif
        }else{
          if( pTo->rCost<=rCost && pTo->nRow<=nOut ){
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
            if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
              sqlite3DebugPrintf(
                  "Skip   %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c",
                  wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
                  isOrderedValid ? (isOrdered ? 'Y' : 'N') : '?');
                  isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
              sqlite3DebugPrintf("   vs %s cost=%-3d,%d order=%c\n",
                  wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
                  pTo->isOrderedValid ? (pTo->isOrdered ? 'Y' : 'N') : '?');
                  pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? pTo->isOrdered+'0' : '?');
            }
#endif
            testcase( pTo->rCost==rCost );
            continue;
          }
          testcase( pTo->rCost==rCost+1 );
          /* A new and better score for a previously created equivalent path */
#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
          if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
            sqlite3DebugPrintf(
                "Update %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c",
                wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
                isOrderedValid ? (isOrdered ? 'Y' : 'N') : '?');
                isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
            sqlite3DebugPrintf("  was %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c\n",
                wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
                pTo->isOrderedValid ? (pTo->isOrdered ? 'Y' : 'N') : '?');
                pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? pTo->isOrdered+'0' : '?');
          }
#endif
        }
        /* pWLoop is a winner.  Add it to the set of best so far */
        pTo->maskLoop = pFrom->maskLoop | pWLoop->maskSelf;
        pTo->revLoop = revMask;
        pTo->nRow = nOut;
        pTo->rCost = rCost;
        pTo->isOrderedValid = isOrderedValid;
        pTo->isOrdered = isOrdered;
        memcpy(pTo->aLoop, pFrom->aLoop, sizeof(WhereLoop*)*iLoop);
        pTo->aLoop[iLoop] = pWLoop;
        if( nTo>=mxChoice ){
          mxI = 0;
          mxCost = aTo[0].rCost;
          mxOut = aTo[0].nRow;

#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED  /* >=2 */
    if( sqlite3WhereTrace>=2 ){
      sqlite3DebugPrintf("---- after round %d ----\n", iLoop);
      for(ii=0, pTo=aTo; ii<nTo; ii++, pTo++){
        sqlite3DebugPrintf(" %s cost=%-3d nrow=%-3d order=%c",
           wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
           pTo->isOrderedValid ? (pTo->isOrdered ? 'Y' : 'N') : '?');
        if( pTo->isOrderedValid && pTo->isOrdered ){
           pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? (pTo->isOrdered+'0') : '?');
        if( pTo->isOrdered>0 ){
          sqlite3DebugPrintf(" rev=0x%llx\n", pTo->revLoop);
        }else{
          sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
        }
      }
    }
#endif

   && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY)==0
   && pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP
   && nRowEst
  ){
    Bitmask notUsed;
    int rc = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo, pWInfo->pResultSet, pFrom,
                 WHERE_DISTINCTBY, nLoop-1, pFrom->aLoop[nLoop-1], &notUsed);
    if( rc==pWInfo->pResultSet->nExpr ){
    if( rc==1 ) pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
  }
  if( pFrom->isOrdered ){
      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
    }
  }
  if( pWInfo->pOrderBy && pFrom->isOrdered==pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr ){
    if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY ){
      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
    }else{
      pWInfo->bOBSat = 1;
      pWInfo->revMask = pFrom->revLoop;
    }
  }

** be used to compute the appropriate cursor depending on which index is
** used.
*/
WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
  Parse *pParse,        /* The parser context */
  SrcList *pTabList,    /* FROM clause: A list of all tables to be scanned */
  Expr *pWhere,         /* The WHERE clause */
  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* An ORDER BY clause, or NULL */
  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* An ORDER BY (or GROUP BY) clause, or NULL */
  ExprList *pResultSet, /* Result set of the query */
  u16 wctrlFlags,       /* One of the WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
  int iIdxCur           /* If WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY is set, index cursor number */
){
  int nByteWInfo;            /* Num. bytes allocated for WhereInfo struct */
  int nTabList;              /* Number of elements in pTabList */
  WhereInfo *pWInfo;         /* Will become the return value of this function */

  sqlite3 *db;               /* Database connection */
  int rc;                    /* Return code */


  /* Variable initialization */
  db = pParse->db;
  memset(&sWLB, 0, sizeof(sWLB));

  /* An ORDER/GROUP BY clause of more than 63 terms cannot be optimized */
  testcase( pOrderBy && pOrderBy->nExpr==BMS-1 );
  if( pOrderBy && pOrderBy->nExpr>=BMS ) pOrderBy = 0;
  sWLB.pOrderBy = pOrderBy;

  /* Disable the DISTINCT optimization if SQLITE_DistinctOpt is set via
  ** sqlite3_test_ctrl(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) */
  if( OptimizationDisabled(db, SQLITE_DistinctOpt) ){
    wctrlFlags &= ~WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT;
  }

      u16 nEq;               /* Number of equality constraints */
      u16 nSkip;             /* Number of initial index columns to skip */
      Index *pIndex;         /* Index used, or NULL */
    } btree;
    struct {               /* Information for virtual tables */
      int idxNum;            /* Index number */
      u8 needFree;           /* True if sqlite3_free(idxStr) is needed */
      u8 isOrdered;          /* True if satisfies ORDER BY */
      i8 isOrdered;          /* True if satisfies ORDER BY */
      u16 omitMask;          /* Terms that may be omitted */
      char *idxStr;          /* Index identifier string */
    } vtab;
  } u;
  u32 wsFlags;          /* WHERE_* flags describing the plan */
  u16 nLTerm;           /* Number of entries in aLTerm[] */
  /**** whereLoopXfer() copies fields above ***********************/

** at the end is the choosen query plan.
*/
struct WherePath {
  Bitmask maskLoop;     /* Bitmask of all WhereLoop objects in this path */
  Bitmask revLoop;      /* aLoop[]s that should be reversed for ORDER BY */
  LogEst nRow;          /* Estimated number of rows generated by this path */
  LogEst rCost;         /* Total cost of this path */
  u8 isOrdered;         /* True if this path satisfies ORDER BY */
  i8 isOrdered;         /* No. of ORDER BY terms satisfied. -1 for unknown */
  u8 isOrderedValid;    /* True if the isOrdered field is valid */
  WhereLoop **aLoop;    /* Array of WhereLoop objects implementing this path */
};

/*
** The query generator uses an array of instances of this structure to
** help it analyze the subexpressions of the WHERE clause.  Each WHERE
** clause subexpression is separated from the others by AND operators,