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This is equivalent to a diff from a30aad4d5c to 2785e9dd6c

2017-07-24
12:01
Merge hyperlink fixes from the 3.19 branch. (check-in: 727dbfb460 user: drh tags: trunk)
2017-07-23
17:07
Fix the hyperlinks to the mailing lists. (Leaf check-in: 2785e9dd6c user: drh tags: branch-3.19)
2017-07-17
12:25
Fix a typo in whentouse.html. (Cherrypick from trunk) (check-in: 8cd332487d user: drh tags: branch-3.19)
2017-07-01
23:24
Attempt to improve the INSERT documentation. (check-in: 6b1a2005d8 user: drh tags: branch-3.19)
2017-06-29
14:47
Initial draft of release notes for version 3.20.0. (check-in: fe054454f3 user: drh tags: trunk)
2017-06-26
14:43
Correction to the schema for the DBSTAT virtual table. (check-in: a30aad4d5c user: drh tags: trunk)
2017-06-17
13:51
Add a reference to the Jim Gray paper to the faster-than-filesystem article. (check-in: b37cb6bc60 user: drh tags: trunk)

Changes to pages/appfileformat.in.

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<p>As with custom file formats, and unlike pure pile-of-file formats,
a wrapped pile-of-files format is not as easy to edit, since
usually the entire file must be rewritten in order to change any
component part.
</ol>

<p>The purpose of this document is to argue in favor of a fourth
new catagory of application file format: An SQLite database file.

<h2>SQLite As The Application File Format</h2>

<p>
Any application state that can be recorded in a pile-of-files can
also be recorded in an SQLite database with a simple key/value schema
like this:







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<p>As with custom file formats, and unlike pure pile-of-file formats,
a wrapped pile-of-files format is not as easy to edit, since
usually the entire file must be rewritten in order to change any
component part.
</ol>

<p>The purpose of this document is to argue in favor of a fourth
new category of application file format: An SQLite database file.

<h2>SQLite As The Application File Format</h2>

<p>
Any application state that can be recorded in a pile-of-files can
also be recorded in an SQLite database with a simple key/value schema
like this:

Changes to pages/copyright.in.

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<div class="rightsidebar">
<form method="GET" action="https://www.hwaci.com/cgi-bin/license-step1">
<input type="submit" value="Buy An SQLite License">
</form>
</div>

<h2>Obtaining An License To Use SQLite</h2>

<p>
Even though SQLite is in the public domain and does not require
a license, some users want to obtain a license anyway.  Some reasons
for obtaining a license include:
</p>








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<div class="rightsidebar">
<form method="GET" action="https://www.hwaci.com/cgi-bin/license-step1">
<input type="submit" value="Buy An SQLite License">
</form>
</div>

<h2>Obtaining A License To Use SQLite</h2>

<p>
Even though SQLite is in the public domain and does not require
a license, some users want to obtain a license anyway.  Some reasons
for obtaining a license include:
</p>

Changes to pages/dbstat.in.

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<title>The DBSTAT Virtual Table</title>
<tcl>hd_keywords dbstat {dbstat virtual table}</tcl>
<fancy_format>


<h1>Overview</h1>

<p>
The DBSTAT virtual tables is a read-only [eponymous virtual table] that returns
information about which pages of the database files are used by which
tables and indexes in the schema.
The the DBSTAT virtual table is used to implement [sqlite3_analyzer.exe]
utility program, and to help compute the 
[https://www.sqlite.org/src/repo-tabsize|table size pie-chart] in
the [https://www.fossil-scm.org/|Fossil-implemented] version control system
for SQLite.
</p>

<p>











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<title>The DBSTAT Virtual Table</title>
<tcl>hd_keywords dbstat {dbstat virtual table}</tcl>
<fancy_format>


<h1>Overview</h1>

<p>
The DBSTAT virtual tables is a read-only [eponymous virtual table] that returns
information about which pages of the database files are used by which
tables and indexes in the schema.
The DBSTAT virtual table is used to implement [sqlite3_analyzer.exe]
utility program, and to help compute the 
[https://www.sqlite.org/src/repo-tabsize|table size pie-chart] in
the [https://www.fossil-scm.org/|Fossil-implemented] version control system
for SQLite.
</p>

<p>

Changes to pages/faq.in.

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<title>SQLite Frequently Asked Questions</title>

<tcl>
set cnt 1
proc faq {question answer} {
  set ::faq($::cnt) [list [string trim $question] [string trim $answer]]
  incr ::cnt
}

#############
# Enter questions and answers here.

faq {
  How do I create an AUTOINCREMENT field.
} {
  <p>Short answer: A column declared [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] will
  autoincrement.</p>

  <p>Longer answer:
  If you declare a column of a table to be [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY], then
  whenever you insert a NULL













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<title>SQLite Frequently Asked Questions</title>

<tcl>
set cnt 1
proc faq {question answer} {
  set ::faq($::cnt) [list [string trim $question] [string trim $answer]]
  incr ::cnt
}

#############
# Enter questions and answers here.

faq {
  How do I create an AUTOINCREMENT field?
} {
  <p>Short answer: A column declared [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] will
  autoincrement.</p>

  <p>Longer answer:
  If you declare a column of a table to be [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY], then
  whenever you insert a NULL

Changes to pages/foreignkeys.in.

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    Errors reported when content is changed are "DML errors" and errors
    reported when the schema is changed are "DDL errors".
    So, in other words, misconfigured foreign key constraints that require
    looking at both the child and parent are DML errors.
    ^The English language error message for foreign key DML errors is usually
    "foreign key mismatch" but can also be "no such table" if the parent
    table does not exist.
    ^(Foreign key DML errors are may be reported if:

  <ul>
    <li> The parent table does not exist, or
    <li> The parent key columns named in the foreign key constraint do
         not exist, or
    <li> The parent key columns named in the foreign key constraint are not
         the primary key of the parent table and are not subject to a unique







|







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    Errors reported when content is changed are "DML errors" and errors
    reported when the schema is changed are "DDL errors".
    So, in other words, misconfigured foreign key constraints that require
    looking at both the child and parent are DML errors.
    ^The English language error message for foreign key DML errors is usually
    "foreign key mismatch" but can also be "no such table" if the parent
    table does not exist.
    ^(Foreign key DML errors are reported if:

  <ul>
    <li> The parent table does not exist, or
    <li> The parent key columns named in the foreign key constraint do
         not exist, or
    <li> The parent key columns named in the foreign key constraint are not
         the primary key of the parent table and are not subject to a unique

Changes to pages/lang.in.

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<tcl>
hd_puts "[Operator =] or [Operator ==].
^The non-equals operator can be either
[Operator !=] or [Operator {&lt;&gt;}].
^The [Operator ||] operator is \"concatenate\" - it joins together
the two strings of its operands.
^The operator [Operator %] outputs the value of its left 
operand modulo its right operand.</p>



<p>^The result of any binary operator is either a numeric value or 
NULL, except for the [Operator ||] concatenation operator which always 
evaluates to either NULL or a text value.</p>"

hd_fragment {isisnot} {IS operator} {IS NOT operator}








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<tcl>
hd_puts "[Operator =] or [Operator ==].
^The non-equals operator can be either
[Operator !=] or [Operator {&lt;&gt;}].
^The [Operator ||] operator is \"concatenate\" - it joins together
the two strings of its operands.
^The operator [Operator %] outputs the integer value of its left 
operand modulo its right operand.  In other words, the
operator [Operator %] works in SQLite the same as it does
in ANSI-C.</p>

<p>^The result of any binary operator is either a numeric value or 
NULL, except for the [Operator ||] concatenation operator which always 
evaluates to either NULL or a text value.</p>"

hd_fragment {isisnot} {IS operator} {IS NOT operator}

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##############################################################################
Section INSERT insert {INSERT *INSERTs}

RecursiveBubbleDiagram insert-stmt
</tcl>

<p>The INSERT statement comes in three basic forms.  
<ul>

<li><p>^The first form (with the "VALUES" keyword) creates one or more
new rows in
an existing table. ^If the <yyterm>column-name</yyterm> list after
<yyterm>table-name</yyterm> is omitted then the number
of values inserted into each row
must be the same as the number of columns in the table. ^In this case
the result of evaluating the left-most expression from each term of
the VALUES list is inserted into the left-most column of each new row,
and so forth for each subsequent expression. ^If a <yyterm>column-name</yyterm>
list is specified, then the number of values in each term of the
VALUE list must match the number of
specified columns. ^Each of the named columns of the new row is populated
with the results of evaluating the corresponding VALUES expression. ^Table
columns that do not appear in the column list are populated with the 
[default column value] (specified as part of the [CREATE TABLE] statement), or
with NULL if no [default value] is specified.


<li><p>The second form of the INSERT statement contains a [SELECT] statement
instead of a VALUES clause. ^A new entry is inserted into the table for each
row of data returned by executing the SELECT statement. ^If a column-list is
specified, the number of columns in the result of the SELECT must be the same
as the number of items in the column-list. ^Otherwise, if no column-list is
specified, the number of columns in the result of the SELECT must be the same
as the number of columns in the table. ^Any SELECT statement, including
[compound SELECTs] and SELECT statements with [ORDER BY] and/or [LIMIT] clauses, 
may be used in an INSERT statement of this form.


<li><p>The third form of an INSERT statement is with DEFAULT VALUES.
^(The INSERT ... DEFAULT VALUES statement inserts a single new row into the
named table.)^ ^Each column of the new row is populated with its 
[default value], or with a NULL if no default value is specified 
as part of the column definition in the [CREATE TABLE] statement.

</ul>



<p>^The "REPLACE" and "INSERT OR <i>action</i>" forms specify an alternative

constraint conflict resolution algorithm to use during this one INSERT command.
See the section titled [ON CONFLICT] for additional information.
For compatibility with MySQL, ^the parser allows the use of the
single keyword <a href="lang_replace.html">REPLACE</a> as an 
alias for "INSERT OR REPLACE".

<p>^(The optional "<i>schema-name</i><b>.</b>" prefix on the 
<yyterm>table-name</yyterm>
is supported for top-level INSERT statements only.)^  ^The table name must be







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##############################################################################
Section INSERT insert {INSERT *INSERTs}

RecursiveBubbleDiagram insert-stmt
</tcl>

<p>The INSERT statement comes in three basic forms.  
<ol>
<li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> VALUES(...);</b>
<p>^The first form (with the "VALUES" keyword) creates one or more
new rows in
an existing table. ^If the <yyterm>column-name</yyterm> list after
<yyterm>table-name</yyterm> is omitted then the number
of values inserted into each row
must be the same as the number of columns in the table. ^In this case
the result of evaluating the left-most expression from each term of
the VALUES list is inserted into the left-most column of each new row,
and so forth for each subsequent expression. ^If a <yyterm>column-name</yyterm>
list is specified, then the number of values in each term of the
VALUE list must match the number of
specified columns. ^Each of the named columns of the new row is populated
with the results of evaluating the corresponding VALUES expression. ^Table
columns that do not appear in the column list are populated with the 
[default column value] (specified as part of the [CREATE TABLE] statement), or
with NULL if no [default value] is specified.

<li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> SELECT ...;</b>
<p>The second form of the INSERT statement contains a [SELECT] statement
instead of a VALUES clause. ^A new entry is inserted into the table for each
row of data returned by executing the SELECT statement. ^If a column-list is
specified, the number of columns in the result of the SELECT must be the same
as the number of items in the column-list. ^Otherwise, if no column-list is
specified, the number of columns in the result of the SELECT must be the same
as the number of columns in the table. ^Any SELECT statement, including
[compound SELECTs] and SELECT statements with [ORDER BY] and/or [LIMIT] clauses, 
may be used in an INSERT statement of this form.

<li><p><b>INSERT INTO </b><i>table</i><b> DEFAULT VALUES;</b>
<p>The third form of an INSERT statement is with DEFAULT VALUES.
^(The INSERT ... DEFAULT VALUES statement inserts a single new row into the
named table.)^ ^Each column of the new row is populated with its 
[default value], or with a NULL if no default value is specified 
as part of the column definition in the [CREATE TABLE] statement.

</ol>

<p>
^The initial "INSERT" keyword can be replaced by
"REPLACE" and "INSERT OR <i>action</i>" to specify an alternative
constraint [ON CONFLICT|conflict resolution algorithm] to use during 
that one INSERT command.

For compatibility with MySQL, ^the parser allows the use of the
single keyword <a href="lang_replace.html">REPLACE</a> as an 
alias for "INSERT OR REPLACE".

<p>^(The optional "<i>schema-name</i><b>.</b>" prefix on the 
<yyterm>table-name</yyterm>
is supported for top-level INSERT statements only.)^  ^The table name must be

Changes to pages/privatebranch.in.

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simply by cloning the official repository:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
fossil clone http://www.sqlite.org/src private-project.fossil
</pre></blockquote>

<p>This command both creates the new repository and populates it with
all the latest SQLite could.  You can the create a private branch as
described in section 3.4.</p>

<p>When the private repository is created by cloning, incorporating new
public SQLite releases becomes much easier too.  To pull in all of the
latest changes from the public SQLite repository, simply move into
the open check-out and do:</p>








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simply by cloning the official repository:</p>

<blockquote><pre>
fossil clone http://www.sqlite.org/src private-project.fossil
</pre></blockquote>

<p>This command both creates the new repository and populates it with
all the latest SQLite could.  You can then create a private branch as
described in section 3.4.</p>

<p>When the private repository is created by cloning, incorporating new
public SQLite releases becomes much easier too.  To pull in all of the
latest changes from the public SQLite repository, simply move into
the open check-out and do:</p>

Changes to pages/rbu.in.

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The total amount of data written is around three times the size of the
final database file. By contrast, an RBU Vacuum requires roughly the size
of the final database file in temporary disk space and writes a total of
twice that to disk.

<p>On the other hand, an RBU Vacuum uses more CPU than a regular SQLite
VACUUM - in one test as much as five times as much. For this reason, an RBU
Vaccum is often significantly slower than an SQLite VACUUM under the same
conditions.

<li><b>RBU runs in the background</b>

<p>An ongoing RBU operation (either an update or a vacuum) does not
interfere with read access to the database file.








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The total amount of data written is around three times the size of the
final database file. By contrast, an RBU Vacuum requires roughly the size
of the final database file in temporary disk space and writes a total of
twice that to disk.

<p>On the other hand, an RBU Vacuum uses more CPU than a regular SQLite
VACUUM - in one test as much as five times as much. For this reason, an RBU
Vacuum is often significantly slower than an SQLite VACUUM under the same
conditions.

<li><b>RBU runs in the background</b>

<p>An ongoing RBU operation (either an update or a vacuum) does not
interfere with read access to the database file.

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<li><p>The target database may not contain [indexes on expressions].
<li><p>No other writes may occur on the target database while the
       RBU update is being applied.  A read-lock is held on the target
       database to prevent this.</p></li>
</ul>


<h2>Preparing An RBU Update File</h2>

<p>All changes to be applied by RBU are stored in a separate SQLite database
called the "RBU database".  The database that is to be modified is called
the "target database".

<p>For each table in the target database that will be modified by the update,
a corresponding table is created within the RBU database. The RBU database







|







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<li><p>The target database may not contain [indexes on expressions].
<li><p>No other writes may occur on the target database while the
       RBU update is being applied.  A read-lock is held on the target
       database to prevent this.</p></li>
</ul>


<h2>Preparing an RBU Update File</h2>

<p>All changes to be applied by RBU are stored in a separate SQLite database
called the "RBU database".  The database that is to be modified is called
the "target database".

<p>For each table in the target database that will be modified by the update,
a corresponding table is created within the RBU database. The RBU database
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<p>is represented by the data_t1 row created by:

<codeblock>
INSERT INTO data_t1(a, b, c, rbu_control) VALUES(4, NULL, 'usa', '..x');
</codeblock>

<p>If RBU is used to update a large BLOB value within a target database, it
may be be more efficient to store a patch or delta that can be used to modify
the existing BLOB instead of an entirely new value within the RBU database. 
RBU allows deltas to be specified in two ways:

<ul>
  <li> In the "fossil delta" format - the format used for blob deltas by the 
  <a href=http://fossil-scm.org>Fossil source-code management system</a>, or








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<p>is represented by the data_t1 row created by:

<codeblock>
INSERT INTO data_t1(a, b, c, rbu_control) VALUES(4, NULL, 'usa', '..x');
</codeblock>

<p>If RBU is used to update a large BLOB value within a target database, it
may be more efficient to store a patch or delta that can be used to modify
the existing BLOB instead of an entirely new value within the RBU database. 
RBU allows deltas to be specified in two ways:

<ul>
  <li> In the "fossil delta" format - the format used for blob deltas by the 
  <a href=http://fossil-scm.org>Fossil source-code management system</a>, or

Changes to pages/sqldiff.in.

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<dd><p>Use the schema-defined [PRIMARY KEY] instead of the [rowid] to
       pair rows in the source and destination database.  (See additional
       explanation below.)</dd>
<dt><b>--schema</b></dt>
<dd><p>Show only differences in the schema not the table content</p></dd>
<dt><b>--summary</b></dt>
<dd><p>Show how many rows have changed on each table, but do not show
       the actual chagnes</dd>
<dt><b>--table TABLE</b></dt>
<dd><p>Show only the differences in content for TABLE, not for the
       entire database</p></dd>
<dt><b>--transaction</b></dt>
<dd><p>Wrap SQL output in a single large transaction</p></dd>
<dt><b>--vtab</b></dt>
<dd><p>Add support for handling [FTS3], [FTS5] and [rtree] virtual tables. 







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<dd><p>Use the schema-defined [PRIMARY KEY] instead of the [rowid] to
       pair rows in the source and destination database.  (See additional
       explanation below.)</dd>
<dt><b>--schema</b></dt>
<dd><p>Show only differences in the schema not the table content</p></dd>
<dt><b>--summary</b></dt>
<dd><p>Show how many rows have changed on each table, but do not show
       the actual changes</dd>
<dt><b>--table TABLE</b></dt>
<dd><p>Show only the differences in content for TABLE, not for the
       entire database</p></dd>
<dt><b>--transaction</b></dt>
<dd><p>Wrap SQL output in a single large transaction</p></dd>
<dt><b>--vtab</b></dt>
<dd><p>Add support for handling [FTS3], [FTS5] and [rtree] virtual tables. 
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[CREATE TRIGGER|TRIGGERs] or [CREATE VIEW|VIEWs].

<li><p id=vtab>
By default, differences in the schema or content of virtual tables are
not reported on. 

<p>However, if a [virtual table] implementation creates real tables (sometimes
refered to as "shadow" tables) within the database to store its data in, then
sqldiff.exe does calculate the difference between these. This can have
surprising effects if the resulting SQL script is then run on a database that
is not <i>exactly</i> the same as the source database. For several of SQLite's
bundled virtual tables (FTS3, FTS5, rtree and others), the surprising effects
may include corruption of the virtual table content.

<p> If the --vtab option is passed to sqldiff.exe, then it ignores all 
underlying shadow tables belonging to an FTS3, FTS5 or rtree virtual table
and instead includes the virtual table differences directly.

</ol>







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[CREATE TRIGGER|TRIGGERs] or [CREATE VIEW|VIEWs].

<li><p id=vtab>
By default, differences in the schema or content of virtual tables are
not reported on. 

<p>However, if a [virtual table] implementation creates real tables (sometimes
referred to as "shadow" tables) within the database to store its data in, then
sqldiff.exe does calculate the difference between these. This can have
surprising effects if the resulting SQL script is then run on a database that
is not <i>exactly</i> the same as the source database. For several of SQLite's
bundled virtual tables (FTS3, FTS5, rtree and others), the surprising effects
may include corruption of the virtual table content.

<p> If the --vtab option is passed to sqldiff.exe, then it ignores all 
underlying shadow tables belonging to an FTS3, FTS5 or rtree virtual table
and instead includes the virtual table differences directly.

</ol>

Changes to pages/support.in.

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<title>SQLite Support Options</title>

<tcl>hd_fragment mailinglists {mailing lists}</tcl>
<h2>Free Public Mailing Lists</h2>

<ul>
<li><p>
<a href="http://mailinglists.sqlite.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-users">
sqlite-users</a>
&mdash; General discussion for programmers using SQLite in their applications.  
<i>This is probably the mailing list you want!</i>
<a class="button" href='http://sqlite.org:8080/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-users'>Sign-up</a>
<a class="button" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/sqlite-users%40mailinglists.sqlite.org/">Archives</a>
</li>

<li><p>
<a href="http://mailinglists.sqlite.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-dev">
sqlite-dev</a>
&mdash; Conversations about SQLite internals, for those who work
directly on enhancing SQLite itself.
<a class="button" href="http://sqlite.org:8080/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-dev">Sign-up</a>
</li>

<li><p>
<a href="http://mailinglists.sqlite.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-announce">
<nobr>sqlite-announce</nobr></a>
&mdash; Announcements of new SQLite releases.</td>
<a class="button" href="http://sqlite.org:8080/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-announce">Sign-up</a>
</li>
</ul>

<tcl>hd_fragment prosupport</tcl>
<h2>Paid Professional Support</h2>

<p>











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<title>SQLite Support Options</title>

<tcl>hd_fragment mailinglists {mailing lists}</tcl>
<h2>Free Public Mailing Lists</h2>

<ul>
<li><p>
<a href="http://mailinglists.sqlite.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-users">
sqlite-users</a>
&mdash; General discussion for programmers using SQLite in their applications.  
<i>This is probably the mailing list you want!</i>
<a class="button" href='http://mailinglists.sqlite.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-users'>Sign-up</a>
<a class="button" href="http://www.mail-archive.com/sqlite-users%40mailinglists.sqlite.org/">Archives</a>
</li>

<li><p>
<a href="http://mailinglists.sqlite.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-dev">
sqlite-dev</a>
&mdash; Conversations about SQLite internals, for those who work
directly on enhancing SQLite itself.
<a class="button" href="http://mailinglists.sqlite.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-dev">Sign-up</a>
</li>

<li><p>
<a href="http://mailinglists.sqlite.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-announce">
<nobr>sqlite-announce</nobr></a>
&mdash; Announcements of new SQLite releases.</td>
<a class="button" href="http://mailinglists.sqlite.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/sqlite-announce">Sign-up</a>
</li>
</ul>

<tcl>hd_fragment prosupport</tcl>
<h2>Paid Professional Support</h2>

<p>

Changes to pages/whentouse.in.

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<title>Appropriate Uses For SQLite</title>

<h1 align="center">Appropriate Uses For SQLite</h1>

<p>
SQLite is not directly comparable to client/server SQL database engines such
as MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, or SQL Server since SQLite is trying to
solve a different problem.
</p>

<p>
Client/server SQL database engines strive to implement a shared repository
of enterprise data.  They emphasis scalability, concurrency, centralization,
and control.
SQLite strives to provide local data storage for
individual applications and devices.  SQLite emphasizes economy,
efficiency, reliability, independence, and simplicity.
</p>














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<title>Appropriate Uses For SQLite</title>

<h1 align="center">Appropriate Uses For SQLite</h1>

<p>
SQLite is not directly comparable to client/server SQL database engines such
as MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, or SQL Server since SQLite is trying to
solve a different problem.
</p>

<p>
Client/server SQL database engines strive to implement a shared repository
of enterprise data.  They emphasize scalability, concurrency, centralization,
and control.
SQLite strives to provide local data storage for
individual applications and devices.  SQLite emphasizes economy,
efficiency, reliability, independence, and simplicity.
</p>